Vitamins
|
Name
|
Source
|
Daily requirement
|
Physiological Function
|
Deficiency symptoms
|
| Fat soluble Vitamin A (Retinol1 & Retinol2) | In green leavse, fruits, tomatoes, Carrots, Fish, Liver oils, liver, butter, kidney, egg-yolk and milk | 6,000-8000 i.u. for growing children, during puberty, lactation and pregancy 5,000 i.u. for adults | Precusor in the synthesis of light absorbing pigments (Rhodopsin) of the eye. Maintains integrity of epithelial tissue especially mucous membranes. Essential for normal reproduction and lactation. | Retarded growth. Night blindness (Nyctalopia). Susceptibility of infection, Defective growth of bone and teeth. Xerophthalmia- dry and inflammed cornea. Keratomalacia- softening of cornea with permanent blindness. Phrynoderma or Toad skin- Skin become rough, dry and keratinised. |
| Vitamin D (Calciferol) | Fish, liver,oil, butter, from exposure of skin to uv radiation. | 400-800 i.u. | Growth, mineralization of bones, regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. | Titany of young, Osteomalacia or adult rickets (soft bone), poor teeth development, dental decay. |
| Vitamin E (Tocopherols) | Wheat, soybean and maize oil, liver, egg, milk, fish | 15-20 mgm | It acts as a cofactor in electron transport system and also have got anti oxidative effect. It also helps in normal reproduction. | Sterility in males (animals), death of embryos in fowls and rats, Necrosis of liver. |
| Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) | Green vegetables, soyabeans, maize oil, tomatoes, Pig’s liver, also synthesized by bacteria in the gut. | 5 mgm | Essential to production of prothrombin, an essential agent in the clotting of blood. | Blood fails to clot, Bile secretion impaired. |
| Water soluble Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Unpolished cereal grains, pulses, nuts, carrot, turnip, beet, lettuce, pears, beans, yeast, egg-yolk, liver, meat. | 0.4 mgm for children, 1.3 mgm for adults | It acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism- metabolism of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde- by enzyme co-carboxylase. | Beriberi, loss of appetite, reduced motility of digestive tracts, damage to nerves and hearts, Polyneurities in birds. Wernicke’s encephalopathy- a nervous disorder in man takes place. |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Whole grain, green leaves, soyabean, yeast, liver, egg, milk, cheese. | 1.5 to 1.8 mgm for adults | It acts as prosthetic group of flavoprotein enzymes used in cellular respiration | Cheilosis (inflammation and crackin at the corners of the mouth), Glossitis inflammation (ulcers) of the tongues keratities-loss of hair, corneal opacity, Seborrheic dermatities (Dry scaly skin, "Yellow liver" of dogs, curled toe’-paralysis of chicks. |
| Vitamin B3 (Pantothenic acid) |
Sweet potato, peas, wheat bran, molasses, meat, milk, liver, yeast, egg-yolk. | 10 mgm | Forms ‘coenzymes A’ whish catalyzes transfer of various carboxylated groups. | Gastrointestinal disturbances, Fatigue, poor motor coordination, muscle cramps, Dermatitis in chicks and rats, nerve degeneration of rats. |
| Vitamin B4 (Choline) | Egg, liver, fish, meat, butter, legumes, green vegetables | minute | Growth promoting, Acetycholine metabolism . | Retardation of growth, liver and bone disease, Decrease in protien and lipid meatbolism, kidney disease. |
| Vitamin B5 PP (Pellagra Preventing) Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) | Green vegetables, tomatoes, beans, wheat meal, yeast, meat, egg-yolk, fish, liver, milk | 12-18 mgm for adults | Converted to nicotinamide, a precursor of NAD and NADP two important conenzymes for redox reaction in the cell | Pellegra (damage to skin, lining of intestine and nerves), black tongue in dogs Persosis in birds |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin) | Cereal grains, leafy vegetables, yeast, milk, liver, egg-yolk | adults 2.0 mgm, children 0.3 mgm | Acts as a coenzyme in enzymatic reaction of transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacid takes place. | Irritability, abdominal pain, Anaemia in dogs and pigs, Dermatitis in rtas, Paralysis in pigs rats and chicks. |
| Vitamin B12 (Cyanaco- balamin) Vitamin |
Fish, meat, milk, liver, egg-yolk | Formation of bllod cells, growth, nucleic acid metabolism. | Pernicious anaemia, slow growth in young animals | |
| M or Bc (Folic acid) | Green leafy vegetables, soyabeans, liver, yeast, egg-yolk |
1 ugm 50 ugm |
Essential for growth and formation of blood cells. Used in synthesis of coenzymes of nucleic acid metabolism | Aneamia, Nutritional, cytopenia in monkeys, slow growth and anaemia in chicks,rats |
| Vitamin H (Biotin) | Cereal grains, cane,molasses, vegetables, yeasts, egg-yolk, liver, kidney | 150-300 ugm | Essential for growth, Acts as coenzyme in CO2 fixation and biosynthesis of pyrimidines and fatty acids | Dermatitis, thickening of skin in rats and chicks, persosis in birds. |
| Inositol | Lemon, cereal, fruit, meat, liver, yeast | minute quantity | Acts on growth and fat metabolism | Atrophy of liver, hairfall, skin disease. |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | Citrus fruits, tomatoes, amlaki, leafy vegetables | 100-150 mgm | Acts as a coenzyme in the systhesis of collagen, Maintain integrity of capillary walls, involved in formation of ‘intercellular cement’. | Scurvey (bleeding in mucous membrane) |
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