Sources & Importance of Minerals in Human metabolism
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Minerals
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Source Daily requirement
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Physiological Function
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Deficiency symptoms
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| 1. Calcium |
Milk, whole grain cereal, vegetables egg Adults- 0.8 gm Teenager- 1.3-1.4 gm Children – 1.0-1.2 gm
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Builds bones and teeth, Muscle contraction, Normal heart rhythms. Nerve irritability, Activation of some enzymes. | Retarded bone and teeth mineralization, Fragile bone, Stunted growth, Rickets, Titeny, Dental decay, Osteomalacia. |
| 2. Iron | Liver, Meat, egg, bread, cereals, legumes, green vegetables Men -10 mg Women – 12 Children – 1-1.5 mg | Constituent of haemoglobin, myoglobin and oxidative enzymes cytochrome. | Reduced haemoglobin, anaemia, loss of vigour. |
| 3. Iodine | Iodized salt, seafood Adults -0.15-0.30 mg | Constituent of thyroxin which regulates rate of energy exchange. | Simple goiter with enlarged thyroid, cretinism. |
| 4. Phosphorus | Milk, cheese, egg, meat, fish, fowl, legumes, whole grain cereals Adult -1.2 gm Children – 1.0 gm | Builds bones and teeth, Buffer salts, Metabolism of fats and carbohydrate, Activates some enzymes, Transport of fatty acids. | Poor mineralization of bones, poor growth rickets. |
| 5. Potassium | Meat , fish, fowl, cereals, fruits vegetables required in minute quantity Adult -4 gm | Intracellular fluid balance, Regulates heart rhythm and nervous and muscular irritability. | Diabetic acidosis, adrenal tumours, muscular weakness, nausea, sterility. |
| 6. Sodium | Table salt, meat, fish, milk, eggs, baking soda and baking powder Adult -5-15 gm | Regulates osmotic pressure, Buffer salts, maintain water balance regulates muscle and nerve irritability. |
Loss of kidney function, fatigue, cramp, nausea. |
| 7. Chlorine | Table salt, meat milk, egg 0.5 gm | Regulates osmotic pressure, constituent of gastric juice, maintain acid-base balance. | Nausea, diarrhea, muscular cramp. |
| 8. Sulphur | Eggs, cheese, milk, meat minute quantity | Constituent of hair and nails, insulin, glutathione, cartilage and melanin. | Defective development of cartilage and depigmentation. |
| 9. Magnesium | Cereals, legumes meat, milk, 300gm | Constituent of bones, teeth Activates enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, Muscle and nerve irritability. | Deformed bone and teeth, fatigue, cirrhosis, severe renal disease. |
| 10. Manganese | Whole grain cereals legumes, meat, fish, green vegetables 0.3 mg per kg of body wt. | Thyroxine formation, Formation of urea related to lipotropic activity of choline, essential for utilization of thiamine and metabolism of carbohydrate. | Hampers thyroxine formation, Retardation in growth, fatigue. |
| 11. Copper | Liver, meat, legume, whole grain cereal 2 mg | Absorption and metabolism if iron, normal haemoglobin synthesis, oxidation of thyrosine to melanin pigmentation metabolism of ascorbic acid. | Deficiency leads to anaemia, related growth and depigmentation of skin. |
| 12. Zinc | Seafood, liver, wheat, green vegtables 0.3 mg | Effects transfer of CO2 for tissue to lung, constituent of digestive enymes for hydrolysis of proteins. | Loss of vitality, retarded growth. |
| 13. Cobalt | Not known | structural component of vit B12 . | Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia. |
| 14. Molybdanum | Not known | Conversion of uric acid. | Affects metabolism of uric acid . |
| 15. Flurine | Fluorinated water, milk, egg, sea fish, 0.3-.0.5 mg | For proper bone and teeth development . | Faulty bone and teeth growth. |
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